Public debate increasingly identifies sugar as the primary driver of obesity, often leading to simplified policy responses such as sugar taxes to tackle the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet, the reality is more complex. The unintended consequences of taxation can be significant, and the real challenge lies not in restriction, but in promoting education and preserving informed consumer choice. This was the key takeaway from the event “Taxation or Transformation? Re-evaluating the Role of Sugar Taxation in Europe’s Health Strategy”, held at the European Parliament.

Pietro Paganini took part in the discussion hosted by Kristian Vigenin and organised by CEFS in collaboration with SME Connect. The event brought together policymakers, experts and stakeholders at a crucial moment for Europe’s public health agenda. 

The panel featured representatives from the European Commission, alongside experts such as Frans Kok, Marie-Christine Ribera, Annie Denny and Bo Dohmen, moderated by Horst Heitz. The discussion confirmed how central obesity and NCDs have become in the European debate, while highlighting the risks of oversimplified policy solutions.

Rethinking the Value of Sugar in our Lives

Sugar is not just a nutrient. It is part of our culture. Throughout evolution, early humans actively sought out sweetness as a rare and valuable source of energy. As societies developed and sugar became more accessible, it took on a symbolic role—becoming a gift and a gesture of hospitality, which is why offering sweets remains a common way to celebrate or show appreciation.

This raises a fundamental question: what is the real objective of sugar taxation? While often presented as a straightforward tool to influence consumer behaviour, a closer look at the evidence suggests a more nuanced reality.

Discussions during the event highlighted that reductions in sugar consumption linked to taxation tend to be limited, while broader impacts can be more substantial. The burden often falls disproportionately on lower-income consumers. Supply chains adapt, not always efficiently. Product reformulation is shaped by tax thresholds rather than nutritional logic. Producers and food systems also bear consequences that are too often ignored.

Towards a more Effective and Balanced Approach

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition. It cannot be addressed by targeting a single nutrient or relying on one policy instrument alone. Effective prevention requires a more serious and empowering approach, based on balanced diets, education, physical activity, innovation, and a better understanding of individual differences.

Rather than relying on highly visible but limited measures, Europe has the opportunity to promote policies that are proportionate, evidence-based and capable of delivering meaningful, long-term health outcomes.

Moments from the Discussion